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Companies like Applied DNA Sciences (APDN) provide a technical solution for manufacturers of useful articles. Because these items (like high-end apparel or automotive parts) often lack strong copyright protection for their overall design, they are frequent targets for counterfeiting. APDN uses molecular tags to prove an item is "original" at the fiber or material level, bypassing the legal "muddle" of trying to copyright the item's physical shape. Useful Articles - Copyright

The Supreme Court established a two-part test in the case Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc. : apdn__1249zip

The feature must be able to exist on its own—for example, as a painting or sculpture—if it were imagined apart from the functional object. Companies like Applied DNA Sciences (APDN) provide a