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Low throughput on links with high propagation delay, as the channel remains idle while waiting for ACKs. 3.2. Go-Back-N ARQ (GBN)

Higher bandwidth–delay products require larger window sizes (GBN/SR) to maintain high throughput. 5. Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) Low throughput on links with high propagation delay,

combines traditional ARQ with Forward Error Correction (FEC) . The receiver attempts to correct small errors using error-correcting codes; if the error is too great, a retransmission is requested. This approach, specifically Type-II Hybrid ARQ , provides a more efficient approach in poor radio conditions, optimizing throughput. 6. Conclusion if the error is too great