: Enzymes in the flour (amylases) break down starches into fermentable sugars, providing a continuous food source for the yeast.

: A biological leavening agent that consumes sugars to produce carbon dioxide gas and ethanol, causing the dough to rise.

The transformation from raw ingredients to bake-ready dough follows a structured procedural timeline:

Bread dough is characterized by its , meaning it behaves as both a viscous fluid and an elastic solid.

: Measuring ingredients (ideally by weight) and combining them into a "shaggy" mass.

: The ratio of water to flour (hydration) significantly impacts handling. Lower hydration (approx. 65-70%) results in a stiffer dough, while higher hydration yields a stickier, more fluid matrix. 3. The Stages of Development

: Beyond flavor, salt strengthens the gluten network and regulates yeast activity to prevent over-fermentation.