: Rare occurrences, sometimes linked to the legacy of Roman-era movements or the Sephardic Jewish diaspora. Historical Significance and Modern Legacy
: As they moved, they carried the E1b1a lineage with them, largely replacing or absorbing local hunter-gatherer populations. This expansion is why E1b1a is now the modal haplogroup across nearly all of Southern and East Africa . Global Distribution and the African Diaspora e1b1a-map
: At moderate frequencies, often reflecting ancient trans-Saharan trade and contact. : Rare occurrences, sometimes linked to the legacy
The haplogroup is defined primarily by the . Its most prominent sub-branch, E-M2 , is the dominant lineage across West and Central Africa today. Maps of E1b1a frequency show a "hotspot" in West Africa, where it often reaches frequencies of 70% to 100% among certain populations. The Bantu Expansion: Mapping a Continent-Wide Shift Global Distribution and the African Diaspora : At