: This prevents NullPointerException for the caller.
: Pass resources to the constructor instead of hardcoding them (Singleton/Static utilities). 2. Methods Common to All Objects : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller
: Use this when constructors have many parameters (especially optional ones). : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller
: Always specify types (e.g., List , not List ) to catch errors at compile time. : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller