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: This prevents NullPointerException for the caller.

: Pass resources to the constructor instead of hardcoding them (Singleton/Static utilities). 2. Methods Common to All Objects : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller

: Use this when constructors have many parameters (especially optional ones). : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller

: Always specify types (e.g., List , not List ) to catch errors at compile time. : This prevents NullPointerException for the caller