: Led by figures like Alison and Peter Smithson, they pioneered New Brutalism and Structuralism , influencing modern urban planning to be more flexible and identity-focused. 2. The Space Pioneers: NASA JPL Team X
Formed in the 1950s, this group of young European architects famously broke away from the rigid modernism of their predecessors (CIAM). : Led by figures like Alison and Peter
: Using a "concurrent engineering" approach, they bring dozens of experts—engineers, scientists, and cost analysts—into one room to design a space mission in days rather than months. they pioneered New Brutalism and Structuralism