When States Fail: Causes And Consequences -

Deep ethnic, religious, or tribal divisions that are exploited by political elites to fuel violent conflict.

A rapid reduction in incomes, extreme inequality, and the informal privatization of essential services like health and education. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences

Characterized by enduring internal violence and a government that has lost legitimacy and physical control over its territory. Deep ethnic, religious, or tribal divisions that are

The extreme end of failure where a total vacuum of authority exists, and political goods are provided only by local, uncoordinated forces. 2. Primary Causes of State Failure When States Fail: Causes and Consequences

Climate change acts as a "threat multiplier," displacing populations and damaging infrastructure in already fragile regions. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences - Amazon.com